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A coupled human–environment system (known also as a coupled human and natural system, or CHANS) is an integrated scientific framework for studying the interface and reciprocal interactions that link human (e.g., economic, social) to natural (e.g., hydrologic, atmospheric, biological) sub-systems of the planet.〔( Environmental Resource and Education Funding Opportunities ), National Science Foundation.〕 The phrase "coupled human–environment systems" appears in the earlier literature (dating back to 1999) noting that social and natural systems are inseparable.〔National Research Council Policy Division Board on Sustainable Development. Washington, DC: Natl Acad Press; 1999. Our Common Journey: A Transition Toward Sustainability.〕 "In 2007 a formal standing program in Dynamics of Coupled Natural and Human Systems was created by the U.S. National Science Foundation."〔 A symposium on "Complexity in Human–Nature Interactions across Landscapes" was held at a 2009 meeting of the U.S. Regional Association of the International Association for Landscape Ecology in Snowbird, Utah.〔 Research into CHANS is increasing in frequency in scientific literature concerning the sustainability and conservation of ecosystems and society. Research into CHANS builds on the disciplines of human ecology, ecological anthropology, environmental geography, economics, and other eco-bio-geo-physical fields. Moving beyond some of the traditional research methods in the social and natural sciences, CHANS tackles broader investigations into the complex nature of reciprocating interactions and feedbacks between humans on the environment and the effect of the environment on humans. Research into CHANS emulates the more traditional research programs that tended to separate the social from the ecological sciences. ==Outline== In 2007 the National Science Foundation prioritized to fund research on “coupled natural and human systems,” within its program called (Biocomplexity in the Environment ). This was later broken up into more specific subgroups, such as * Dynamics of Coupled Natural and Human Systems〔(NSF Awards Grants for Studies of Coupled Natural and Human Systems ), from Oct. 2009. Sustainable water use, climate change impacts on international markets, restoration of Chicago ecosystems among research projects.〕 * Materials Use: Science, Engineering, and Society (Deadline Date: February 7, 2007) * Environmental Genomics 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Coupled human–environment system」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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